Law
By Prof. Dr. Renate Dendorfer-Ditges, DITGES PartGmbB
Multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses provide for at least two consecutive stages of dispute resolution and they enable the respective parties full use of the ADR-toolbox. Such clauses, also referred to as “multistep ADR clauses” or “Wedding Cake Clauses” have a filter effect by using the escalation ladder from negotiation without a third party involved, over mediation as an amicable process including a neutral third party, both focusing on “win/win”-results. The ultimate ratio is arbitration as an adversarial “win/loose”-proceeding.
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Law
By Izak Potgieter, Heyns and Partners Inc.
TA South African court recently gave the green light to launch the largest class action suit in the country’s legal history, when two pensioners were granted permission to institute a lawsuit against the massive parastatal, Transnet.
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Law
By Andrew Lacey, McCabes
In accordance with the 1994 World Trade Organisation Agreement on anti-dumping (to which Australia is a signatory), Australian legislation does not prohibit dumping (being the practice of exporting goods at lower than their “normal value” compared to the exporter’s domestic market) but rather regulates dumping through the imposition of “interim dumping duties” where it has caused material injury to the local Australian industry. In Australia, anti-dumping is regulated by the Customs Act 1901 (Cth) and the Customs Tariff (Anti Dumping) Act 1975 (Cth).
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Law
By Johan F. Langelaar & Michiel Teekens, TeekensKarstens
The Proposal for a Procedure of the European Parliament and the Council in creating a European Account Preservation Order to facilitate cross-border debt recovery in civil and commercial matters (COM, 2011, 445 final). This proposal contains a new and independent procedure for (international) European seizing proceedings related to bank accounts.
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Law
By Aurelia Tramposch, Tramposch & Partner
In order to further enhance the attractiveness of Vienna as an arbitration venue, the revision of the Vienna Rules in 2013 strived to modernise and streamline arbitration proceedings. The revision was followed by an Amendment of the Austrian Arbitration Act this year, ensuring that annulment claims are directly decided by the Supreme Court as first and final instance.
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Law
By Cornelia van Heerden and Izak Potgieter; Heyns and Partners Inc.
While many of South Africa's trading partners have opted for mediation in civil and commercial disputes, the South African legal system has been slow to adopt mediation as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism. Mediation is only actively pursued in a handful of matters which it would benefit, primarily in the area of labour disputes and, to a lesser extent, in divorce matters.
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Law
By Andrew Lacey, McCabes
Debtors and creditors who have relationships to businesses or operations in Australia should have a general understanding of Australia’s court hierarchy, which operates in a tiered system. All states have lower courts. In New South Wales, the lowest court is the New South Wales Local Court, which has the jurisdiction to deal with civil disputes for claims up to AUD 100,000. One distinct feature of the NSW Local Court is its Small Claims Division, which hears claims of up to AUD 10,000. It also has less formal procedures and relaxed rules of evidence.
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Law
By Dr. Angelika Baumhof and Kristina Bauer-Hofstetter, Jakoby Dr. Baumhof
Do you have a pecuniary claim in Germany which can only be proven by evidence based on documents? Then you can quickly obtain a title to enforce your claim by using a summary document procedure (“Urkundsverfahren”). The summary document procedure exists as a court order (“Mahnverfahren”) or a normal civil proceeding (“Gerichtsverfahren”). In the summary document procedure, the plaintiff must prove their claim based exclusively on documents, and the defendant can only oppose by presenting documents. As a result, the court will not hear witnesses or experts. Such evidence can only be taken into consideration in the subsequent procedure (“Nachverfahren”) after the preliminary judgement.
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Law
By Seiichi Yoshikawa, Koga & Partners Legal
In Japan, a judgment rendered by a foreign court ("foreign judgment") can be enforced by obtaining an "enforce-ment judgment" from the Japanese court. In brief, the party seeking an enforcement judgment raust show (1) the foreign court had jurisdiction over the dispute in question, (2) the defendant was properly served in the process before commencement of the case, (3) the contents of the foreign judgment and the procedure for issuance thereof were not in conflict with the Japanese public order and good morals and (4) the country to which the foreign court belongs provides a reciprocal treatment to a judgment rendered by the Japanese court.
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Law
By Dr. Ágnes Borbás, Kovácz Réti Szegeheö
The Hungarian legislator also continues to apply its best efforts to make sure civil proceedings are concluded within the briefest possible time. In the current Act on Civil Procedure, actions filed for the enforcement of claims in excess of HUF 400 million have been regulated under the title "high-profile actions". In such actions, the deadlines of the courts and the parties are shorter than normal.
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